Ma polima angwiro - ma polima omwe amalinganiza zinthu zakuthupi ndi chilengedwe - kulibe, koma polybutylene terephthalate (PBAT) ili pafupi ndi ungwiro kuposa ambiri.
Pambuyo pazaka makumi ambiri akulephera kuyimitsa zinthu zawo zomwe zimangotsala m'malo otayira pansi ndi m'nyanja, opanga ma polima amakakamizidwa kuti atenge udindo.Ambiri akuwonjezera kuyesetsa kwawo kulimbikitsa kukonzanso zinthu kuti apewe kutsutsidwa.Makampani ena akuyesera kuthana ndi vuto la zinyalala popanga ndalama zamapulasitiki opangidwa ndi biodegradable bio-based monga polylactic acid (PLA) ndi polyhydroxy fatty acid esters (PHA), ndikuyembekeza kuti kuwonongeka kwachilengedwe kudzachepetsa zinyalala zina.
Koma zonse zobwezeretsanso ndi biopolymers zimakumana ndi zopinga.Mwachitsanzo, mosasamala kanthu za kuyesetsa kwa zaka zambiri, United States imagwiritsabe ntchito mapulasitiki osakwana 10 peresenti.Ndipo ma polima opangidwa ndi bio - nthawi zambiri zopangidwa ndi fermentation - akuvutika kuti akwaniritse magwiridwe antchito ndi kukula kwa ma polima opangira omwe akuyenera kusintha.
PBAT imaphatikiza zinthu zina zopindulitsa zama polima opangidwa ndi bio-based.Amachokera ku zinthu zodziwika bwino za petrochemical - refined terephthalic acid (PTA), butanediol ndi adipic acid, koma zimakhala zowonongeka.Monga polima yopangira, imatha kupangidwa mochulukira, ndipo imakhala ndi mawonekedwe ofunikira kuti apange mafilimu osinthika ofananira ndi mapulasitiki achikhalidwe.
Chidwi mu PBAT chikuchulukirachulukira.Opanga okhazikika monga BASF yaku Germany ndi Novamont ya ku Italy akuwona kufunikira kowonjezereka patatha zaka zambiri akukulitsa msika.Aphatikizidwa ndi opanga oposa theka la khumi ndi awiri aku Asia omwe akuyembekeza kuti bizinesi ya polima ichuluke pomwe maboma akukakamira kuti akhazikike.
Marc Verbruggen, CEO wakale wa PLA wopanga NatureWorks ndipo tsopano mlangizi wodziyimira pawokha, akukhulupirira kuti PBAT ndi "chinthu chotsika mtengo komanso chosavuta kupanga bioplastic" ndipo amakhulupirira kuti PBAT ikukhala bioplastic yosinthika kwambiri, Ili patsogolo pa poly succinate butanediol ester ( PBS) ndi mpikisano wa PHA.Ndipo ikuyenera kukhala pagulu limodzi ndi PLA ngati mapulasitiki awiri ofunikira kwambiri omwe angawonongeke, omwe akuti akukhala chinthu chachikulu pakugwiritsa ntchito molimba.
Ramani Narayan, pulofesa wa zomangamanga ku Michigan State University, adati malo ogulitsa PBAT - biodegradability - amachokera ku ma ester bond, osati mafupa a carbon-carbon mu ma polima osawonongeka monga polyethylene.Zomangira za Ester zimasungunuka mosavuta ndikuwonongeka ndi ma enzyme.
Mwachitsanzo, polylactic acid ndi PHA ndi ma polyesters omwe amawononga pamene ma ester awo amasweka.Koma polyester yodziwika bwino - polyethylene terephthalate (PET), yogwiritsidwa ntchito mu ulusi ndi mabotolo a soda - sichimawonongeka mosavuta.Izi ndichifukwa choti mphete yonunkhira yomwe ili m'mafupa ake imachokera ku PTA.Malinga ndi Narayan, mphete zomwe zimapereka mawonekedwe amapangidwe zimapanganso PET hydrophobic."Madzi si ophweka kulowa ndipo amachepetsa njira yonse ya hydrolysis," adatero.
Basf amapanga polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), polyester yopangidwa kuchokera ku butanediol.Ofufuza a kampaniyo adayang'ana polima wosasinthika yemwe atha kupanga mosavuta.Anasintha PTA ina mu PBT ndi adipose diacid glycolic acid.Mwanjira imeneyi, mbali zonunkhiritsa za polima zimasiyanitsidwa kuti zitha kuwonongeka.Nthawi yomweyo, PTA yokwanira imasiyidwa kuti ipatse ma polima amtengo wapatali.
Narayan amakhulupirira kuti PBAT ndiyowonongeka pang'ono kuposa PLA, zomwe zimafuna kuti kompositi ya mafakitale awole.Koma sichingapikisane ndi ma PHA omwe amapezeka pamalonda, omwe amatha kuwonongeka m'chilengedwe, ngakhale m'malo a Marine.
Akatswiri nthawi zambiri amayerekezera zinthu zakuthupi za PBAT ndi polyethylene yotsika kwambiri, yotanuka polima yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mafilimu, monga matumba a zinyalala.
PBAT nthawi zambiri imasakanizidwa ndi PLA, polima yolimba yokhala ndi zinthu ngati polystyrene.Mtundu wa Basf's Ecovio watengera izi.Mwachitsanzo, Verbruggen akuti chikwama chogulira kompositi chimakhala ndi 85% PBAT ndi 15% PLA.
Novamont imawonjezera gawo lina ku Chinsinsi.Kampaniyo imasakaniza PBAT ndi ma polyester ena onunkhira a aliphatic okhala ndi wowuma kuti apange utomoni wa ntchito zina.
Stefano Facco, manejala watsopano wamakampani opanga bizinesi, adati: "Pazaka 30 zapitazi, Novamont yakhala ikuyang'ana kwambiri pakugwiritsa ntchito komwe kuwononga kumatha kuwonjezera phindu pazogulitsa zokha.“
Msika waukulu wa PBAT ndi mulch, womwe umayalidwa mozungulira mbewu kuteteza udzu ndikuthandizira kusunga chinyezi.filimu ya polyethylene ikagwiritsidwa ntchito, iyenera kukokedwa ndikukwiriridwa m'malo otayira.Koma mafilimu owonongeka akhoza kulimidwa mwachindunji m'nthaka.
Msika wina waukulu ndi matumba a zinyalala opangidwa ndi kompositi operekera chakudya komanso kutolera kunyumba ndi zinyalala zapabwalo.
Matumba ochokera kumakampani monga BioBag, omwe adapezedwa posachedwa ndi Novamont, adagulitsidwa kwa ogulitsa kwazaka zambiri.
Nthawi yotumiza: 26-11-21